Annotated Bibliography |
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Primary Sources
"Document for March 23rd: 26th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution." Today’s Document from the National
Archives. National Archives. Web. 9 Mar 2014. <http://www.archives.gov/historical-docs/todays-doc/?
dod-date=323>.
This document is the 26th Amendment. We learned that any 18-year-old shall not be denied the right to
vote. We used the picture of the document for our website.
Eskelsen, Lily. "Rock My Vote." National Education Association. NEA, n.d. Web. 16 Dec 2013. <http://www.nea.
org/home/42966.htm>.
This online article gave us first-hand information about the fight for the 26th amendment. We learned what
it was like in the late 60’s and early 70’s when the author was trying to help pass the 26th amendment. We
used some quotes from this source throughout our website.
"Excerpt from President Eisenhower's 1954 State of the Union Address." YouTube. YouTube, 12 Sept. 2013.Web. 12
Mar. 2014.
This video gave us some information about the Eisenhower’s State of the Union Address. We learned that
18 through 20-year-olds had been drafted to go to the Korean War, but had no say in the decision.
Eisenhower believed that the voting age should be lowered to 18 so that young adults could have a say in
their future. We used the video, and some of the information it offered in our website.
Francis, Les. "RE: National History Day Project--The 26th Amendment: Giving 18-Year-Olds the Right and
Responsibility to Vote." Message to Malachi Hornbuckle, Daniel Kellen, and Damien Scully. 14 March
2014.E-mail.
Les Francis worked as the Director of Project 18 during the campaign to pass the 26th Amendment. The
email that he shared with us gave us a first-hand account of his opinions about the 26th Amendment. We
learned that the 26th amendment has encouraged some young people to get more involved in politics and
civic life than they might otherwise have done. We used his responses in our website.
"High-Resolution PDFs of Voting Rights Act (1965)."100 Milestone Documents. N.p.. Web. 9 Mar 2014.
<http://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=true&doc=100&page=pdf>.
This document is the Voting Rights Act of 1965. We learned that the voting Rights Act was approved on
August 6, 1965. We used this document in our website.
“Illinois’ Ratification of the 26th Amendment, 07/28/1971.” NARA--Item from Record Group 11: General Records
of the United States Government, 1778 – 2006. ARC Identifier 1656120. [Online version,
www.arcweb.archives.gov/arc, National Archives and Records Administration, 5 March 2014.]
This document is the Illinois Ratification of the 26th Amendment. We learned that Illinois approved it on
July 28, 1971. We used the picture as one of the final steps to ratifying the 26th amendment.
"Impact of Youth Vote in 1972 is Unclear." New York Times. 4 November 1971. New York Times. Web. 4 March.
Available online at <http://www.nytimes.com/ref/ member center/nytarchive.html>.
This newspaper article discusses the possible impact of the youth vote on the 1972 presidential election.
We learned that the youth vote helped some local candidates win election in 1971. We used the article on
our Impact page.
“Joint Resolution Proposing the Twenty-Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution, 03/23/1971.” NARA--
Item from Record Group 11: General Records of the United States Government, 1778 – 2006. ARC Identifier
1415809 / MLR Number A-1 5A (1789-1823 segment), A-1 5B (1824-1956 segment). [Online version,
www.arcweb.archives.gov/arc, National Archives and Records Administration, 5 March 2014.]
This document gave us information about the 26th Amendment. We learned that on the original document
it says that no 18-year-old shall be denied the right to vote. We used the document on the Final Steps
page of our website.
"Lowering the National Voting Age to 18." Edward M. Kennedy. Tedkennedy.org, 2011. Web. 18 Mar. 2014.
<http://tedkennedy.org/ownwords/event/voting_age>.
This is the original press release and text of the testimony of Edward Kennedy before Congress about
lowering the voting age. Senator Kennedy believed that lowering the voting age would increase the social
involvement and political participation of youth. In his testimony, Senator Kennedy emphasized four
reasons for lowering the voting age to 18 in the United States. We used his testimony on our Voting Rights
Act page.
"Oregon v. Mitchell." U.S. Supreme Court Media. OYEZ, Inc., n.d. Web. 10 Mar. 2014. <http://www.oyez.org/
cases/1970-1979/1970/1970_43_orig>.
This audio is the oral argument of the actual Oregon vs. Mitchell case. The State of Oregon was trying to
prove that the amendment lowering the voting age in the Voting Rights Act of 1970 was unconstitutional.
We used this audio on our Oregon vs. Mitchell page.
“Richard M. Nixon’s Notes for 26th Amendment Ceremony, 07/05/1971.” NARA-- Item from Collection RN-SMOF:
White House Staff Member and Office Files (Nixon Administration), 01/20/1969 - 08/09/1974. ARC Identifier
1634228. [Online version, www.arcweb.archives.gov/arc, National Archives and Records Administration,
5 March 2014.]
This source gave us the notes of President Richard Nixon before he signed the 26th Amendment. The
notes were President Nixon’s ideas that he used to write his speech at the ceremony to certify the
amendment. We used the notes on our Signing the Amendment page.
"Richard Nixon: Statement on Signing the Voting Rights Act Amendments of 1970 ." Richard Nixon: Statement
on Signing the Voting Rights Act Amendments of 1970 . N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Mar. 2014. <http://www.
presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=2553>.
This is President Nixon’s official statement about the Voting Rights Act Amendments of 1970. We learned
that he signed the act even though he knew that lowering the voting age would probably be challenged
by some states. We used this as background information.
"Senate Approves 18-Year-Old Vote in All Elections: Amendment to Constitution is sent to House, Where
Passage is Expected." New York Times. 11 March 1971. New York Times. Web. 4 March. Available online
at <http://www.nytimes.com/ref membercenter/ nytarchive.html>.
This news article reports on the Senate’s approval of the 26th Amendment. The Senate’s vote was 94-0,
and the House was expected to pass it the next week. We used the newspaper article in our Final Steps
page.
"Senate Joint Resolution 166." Congress in the Archives. N.p.. Web. 9 Mar 2014. <http://congressarchives.
tumblr.com/post/26554629784/in-1942-michigan-senator-arthur-h-vandenberg>.
This document proposed an amendment to lower the voting age to 18 in 1942. This was the first landmark
on the road to the 26th Amendment. We used the document on our Joint Resolution 166 page.
"The States Ratify Full Vote at 18: Ohio Becomes 38th to Back the 26th Amendment." New York Times. 1 July
1971. New York Times. Web. 4 March. Available online at <http://www.nytimes.com/ref/membercenter/
nytarchive.html>.
This 1971 newspaper article reports that Ohio was the 38th state to ratify the 26th Amendment, satisfying
the requirement that 3/4 of the states ratify an amendment. The article also includes a chart with statistics
on the number of new voters in each state created by the amendment. We used the article on The Final
Steps page.
"Twenty-Sixth Amendment Certification Ceremony." Perf. President Nixon. Youtube, 2010. Online
Video.
This video shows the signing of the 26th Amendment by President Nixon and three 18-year-olds. We
learned the three witnesses’ names. Paul Larimer was one of them; he talks about the youth vote in
another video clip we used. We used these short video clips in our Signing the 26th Amendment page.
"Young Voters in the 2000 Presidential Election." Colleen Dominguez, correspondent. NBC Nightly News. NBC
Universal Media. 19 Aug. 2000. NBC Learn. Web. 5 September 2012.
This NBC news report looks at the youth vote before the upcoming 2000 presidential election.The report
includes an interview with Paul Larimer, who signed the 26th Amendment when he was 18. He says that
“young people these days aren't screaming to be heard like it was 25 or 30 years ago.” We used that
quote on our Impact page, along with the audio from this news report.
"Document for March 23rd: 26th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution." Today’s Document from the National
Archives. National Archives. Web. 9 Mar 2014. <http://www.archives.gov/historical-docs/todays-doc/?
dod-date=323>.
This document is the 26th Amendment. We learned that any 18-year-old shall not be denied the right to
vote. We used the picture of the document for our website.
Eskelsen, Lily. "Rock My Vote." National Education Association. NEA, n.d. Web. 16 Dec 2013. <http://www.nea.
org/home/42966.htm>.
This online article gave us first-hand information about the fight for the 26th amendment. We learned what
it was like in the late 60’s and early 70’s when the author was trying to help pass the 26th amendment. We
used some quotes from this source throughout our website.
"Excerpt from President Eisenhower's 1954 State of the Union Address." YouTube. YouTube, 12 Sept. 2013.Web. 12
Mar. 2014.
This video gave us some information about the Eisenhower’s State of the Union Address. We learned that
18 through 20-year-olds had been drafted to go to the Korean War, but had no say in the decision.
Eisenhower believed that the voting age should be lowered to 18 so that young adults could have a say in
their future. We used the video, and some of the information it offered in our website.
Francis, Les. "RE: National History Day Project--The 26th Amendment: Giving 18-Year-Olds the Right and
Responsibility to Vote." Message to Malachi Hornbuckle, Daniel Kellen, and Damien Scully. 14 March
2014.E-mail.
Les Francis worked as the Director of Project 18 during the campaign to pass the 26th Amendment. The
email that he shared with us gave us a first-hand account of his opinions about the 26th Amendment. We
learned that the 26th amendment has encouraged some young people to get more involved in politics and
civic life than they might otherwise have done. We used his responses in our website.
"High-Resolution PDFs of Voting Rights Act (1965)."100 Milestone Documents. N.p.. Web. 9 Mar 2014.
<http://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=true&doc=100&page=pdf>.
This document is the Voting Rights Act of 1965. We learned that the voting Rights Act was approved on
August 6, 1965. We used this document in our website.
“Illinois’ Ratification of the 26th Amendment, 07/28/1971.” NARA--Item from Record Group 11: General Records
of the United States Government, 1778 – 2006. ARC Identifier 1656120. [Online version,
www.arcweb.archives.gov/arc, National Archives and Records Administration, 5 March 2014.]
This document is the Illinois Ratification of the 26th Amendment. We learned that Illinois approved it on
July 28, 1971. We used the picture as one of the final steps to ratifying the 26th amendment.
"Impact of Youth Vote in 1972 is Unclear." New York Times. 4 November 1971. New York Times. Web. 4 March.
Available online at <http://www.nytimes.com/ref/ member center/nytarchive.html>.
This newspaper article discusses the possible impact of the youth vote on the 1972 presidential election.
We learned that the youth vote helped some local candidates win election in 1971. We used the article on
our Impact page.
“Joint Resolution Proposing the Twenty-Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution, 03/23/1971.” NARA--
Item from Record Group 11: General Records of the United States Government, 1778 – 2006. ARC Identifier
1415809 / MLR Number A-1 5A (1789-1823 segment), A-1 5B (1824-1956 segment). [Online version,
www.arcweb.archives.gov/arc, National Archives and Records Administration, 5 March 2014.]
This document gave us information about the 26th Amendment. We learned that on the original document
it says that no 18-year-old shall be denied the right to vote. We used the document on the Final Steps
page of our website.
"Lowering the National Voting Age to 18." Edward M. Kennedy. Tedkennedy.org, 2011. Web. 18 Mar. 2014.
<http://tedkennedy.org/ownwords/event/voting_age>.
This is the original press release and text of the testimony of Edward Kennedy before Congress about
lowering the voting age. Senator Kennedy believed that lowering the voting age would increase the social
involvement and political participation of youth. In his testimony, Senator Kennedy emphasized four
reasons for lowering the voting age to 18 in the United States. We used his testimony on our Voting Rights
Act page.
"Oregon v. Mitchell." U.S. Supreme Court Media. OYEZ, Inc., n.d. Web. 10 Mar. 2014. <http://www.oyez.org/
cases/1970-1979/1970/1970_43_orig>.
This audio is the oral argument of the actual Oregon vs. Mitchell case. The State of Oregon was trying to
prove that the amendment lowering the voting age in the Voting Rights Act of 1970 was unconstitutional.
We used this audio on our Oregon vs. Mitchell page.
“Richard M. Nixon’s Notes for 26th Amendment Ceremony, 07/05/1971.” NARA-- Item from Collection RN-SMOF:
White House Staff Member and Office Files (Nixon Administration), 01/20/1969 - 08/09/1974. ARC Identifier
1634228. [Online version, www.arcweb.archives.gov/arc, National Archives and Records Administration,
5 March 2014.]
This source gave us the notes of President Richard Nixon before he signed the 26th Amendment. The
notes were President Nixon’s ideas that he used to write his speech at the ceremony to certify the
amendment. We used the notes on our Signing the Amendment page.
"Richard Nixon: Statement on Signing the Voting Rights Act Amendments of 1970 ." Richard Nixon: Statement
on Signing the Voting Rights Act Amendments of 1970 . N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Mar. 2014. <http://www.
presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=2553>.
This is President Nixon’s official statement about the Voting Rights Act Amendments of 1970. We learned
that he signed the act even though he knew that lowering the voting age would probably be challenged
by some states. We used this as background information.
"Senate Approves 18-Year-Old Vote in All Elections: Amendment to Constitution is sent to House, Where
Passage is Expected." New York Times. 11 March 1971. New York Times. Web. 4 March. Available online
at <http://www.nytimes.com/ref membercenter/ nytarchive.html>.
This news article reports on the Senate’s approval of the 26th Amendment. The Senate’s vote was 94-0,
and the House was expected to pass it the next week. We used the newspaper article in our Final Steps
page.
"Senate Joint Resolution 166." Congress in the Archives. N.p.. Web. 9 Mar 2014. <http://congressarchives.
tumblr.com/post/26554629784/in-1942-michigan-senator-arthur-h-vandenberg>.
This document proposed an amendment to lower the voting age to 18 in 1942. This was the first landmark
on the road to the 26th Amendment. We used the document on our Joint Resolution 166 page.
"The States Ratify Full Vote at 18: Ohio Becomes 38th to Back the 26th Amendment." New York Times. 1 July
1971. New York Times. Web. 4 March. Available online at <http://www.nytimes.com/ref/membercenter/
nytarchive.html>.
This 1971 newspaper article reports that Ohio was the 38th state to ratify the 26th Amendment, satisfying
the requirement that 3/4 of the states ratify an amendment. The article also includes a chart with statistics
on the number of new voters in each state created by the amendment. We used the article on The Final
Steps page.
"Twenty-Sixth Amendment Certification Ceremony." Perf. President Nixon. Youtube, 2010. Online
Video.
This video shows the signing of the 26th Amendment by President Nixon and three 18-year-olds. We
learned the three witnesses’ names. Paul Larimer was one of them; he talks about the youth vote in
another video clip we used. We used these short video clips in our Signing the 26th Amendment page.
"Young Voters in the 2000 Presidential Election." Colleen Dominguez, correspondent. NBC Nightly News. NBC
Universal Media. 19 Aug. 2000. NBC Learn. Web. 5 September 2012.
This NBC news report looks at the youth vote before the upcoming 2000 presidential election.The report
includes an interview with Paul Larimer, who signed the 26th Amendment when he was 18. He says that
“young people these days aren't screaming to be heard like it was 25 or 30 years ago.” We used that
quote on our Impact page, along with the audio from this news report.
Secondary Sources
"40 Years Ago... NEA Rocked the Vote." National Education Association. NEA, n.d. Web. 20 Nov. 2013.
<http://www.nea.org/home/42731.htm>.
This online article includes background information on the 26th Amendment. We learned that in 1967, the
National Education Association passed a resolution supporting an 18-year-old voting age, mustering the
support of the NEA-Student Program and the NEA Representative Assembly's thousands of nationwide
members. We used this and other information in our website.
Alberghini, Sarah. "Newspapers In Education." Democracy In Action. n.a. Web. 16 Dec 2013. <http://www.sec.
state.vt.us/kids/vtvotes/dia/index2.htm>.
This online source discusses the debate on whether or not the age should be lowered. We also learned
that since the beginning of World War II, every Congress has proposed a Constitutional Amendment to
lower the voting age to 18. We used this and other information on our website.
Barnett, Meredith. "But Will They Vote in 2012?."neatoday. NEA, 01 Mar 2011. Web. 6 Mar 2014. <http://neatoday.
org/2011/03/01/but-will-they-vote-in-2012/>.
The online article discusses the percentages of the votes that have been slowly declining. We also
learned that the rate that the 18 year old vote immediately spiked, but then later went to 50% but is now
30%. We used information on the statistics of the voting percentages throughout our website.
"Catalist | Results." Catalist | Results. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Mar. 2014. <http://www.catalist.us/results>.
This source gave us a picture of Rock the Vote campaign logo. We learned that Rock the Vote was an
organization to promote voting among young people. We used this picture in our site banner slideshow.
Harvey, Meghan. "The 26th Amendment." SheHeroes, 01 Jul 2013. Web. 16 Jan 2014. <http://www.sheheroes.
org/2013/07/the-26th-amendment/>.
In this blog, the author tells of her first experience of voting at the age of 18. This site also gave us a picture
of the 26th Amendment. We used this picture in our site banner.
"History." The 26th Amendment. History, 1 Jan 2014. Web. 14 Jan 2014. <http://www.history.com/topics/the-
26th-amendment>.
This online article includes the history of the 26th Amendment. We learned that the long debate over
lowering the voting age in America from 21 to 18 began during World War II and intensified during the
Vietnam War, when young men were denied the right to vote but were being drafted to fight for their
country. We used this and other information in our Background page.
"History of Amendment 26." Cambridge Educational. 2007. Learn360. 19 March 2014. <http://www.learn360.
com/ShowVideo.aspx?SearchText=%2226th+Amendment%22&lid= 13864307&ID=928173>.
This video shows the history of the 26th Amendment. We learned that the Amendment was ratified on
July 5, 1971. We used several clips from this video throughout our website.
Logan, Rebeca. Project 18: How a Group of "un-hip" Student Activists Changed the Constitution. National
Education Association, 01 Jan 2013. Web. 14 Jan 2014. <http://www.nea.org/home/48410.htm>.
This online article explains Project 18, which was a national movement organized by NEA to work for
lowering the voting age to 18. We used a quote from this article on our Background page and other
information from the source on our Project 18 page.
Orr, Tamra. A History of Voting Rights. Mitchell Lane Publishers, 2013. Print.
This book gave us a timeline of the signing of the 26th Amendment. We learned that in 1876 the Supreme
Court ruled that Native Americans are not citizens as defined by the 14th Amendment and, thus, cannot
vote. We used this and other information in our timeline of the 26th Amendment.
"Photos." (1970s). 1101 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Suite 600, Washington, D.C. 20004, 2002. Web. 12 Mar.
2014.
This online source gave us a picture of a student march for lowering the voting age. We learned that
students rallied in front of the White House and marched around carrying signs. We used this picture in
our slideshow in our site banner.
"U.S. Voting Rights Timeline." Northern California Citizenship Project. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 March 2014.
<www.kqed.org/assets/pdf/education/digitalmedia/us-voting- rights-timeline.pdf>.
In this timeline, there are important dates and information about voting rights throughout U. S. history. We
used this information to help us understand the background of voting rights. Parts of the timeline are
included on our Background page.
"40 Years Ago... NEA Rocked the Vote." National Education Association. NEA, n.d. Web. 20 Nov. 2013.
<http://www.nea.org/home/42731.htm>.
This online article includes background information on the 26th Amendment. We learned that in 1967, the
National Education Association passed a resolution supporting an 18-year-old voting age, mustering the
support of the NEA-Student Program and the NEA Representative Assembly's thousands of nationwide
members. We used this and other information in our website.
Alberghini, Sarah. "Newspapers In Education." Democracy In Action. n.a. Web. 16 Dec 2013. <http://www.sec.
state.vt.us/kids/vtvotes/dia/index2.htm>.
This online source discusses the debate on whether or not the age should be lowered. We also learned
that since the beginning of World War II, every Congress has proposed a Constitutional Amendment to
lower the voting age to 18. We used this and other information on our website.
Barnett, Meredith. "But Will They Vote in 2012?."neatoday. NEA, 01 Mar 2011. Web. 6 Mar 2014. <http://neatoday.
org/2011/03/01/but-will-they-vote-in-2012/>.
The online article discusses the percentages of the votes that have been slowly declining. We also
learned that the rate that the 18 year old vote immediately spiked, but then later went to 50% but is now
30%. We used information on the statistics of the voting percentages throughout our website.
"Catalist | Results." Catalist | Results. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Mar. 2014. <http://www.catalist.us/results>.
This source gave us a picture of Rock the Vote campaign logo. We learned that Rock the Vote was an
organization to promote voting among young people. We used this picture in our site banner slideshow.
Harvey, Meghan. "The 26th Amendment." SheHeroes, 01 Jul 2013. Web. 16 Jan 2014. <http://www.sheheroes.
org/2013/07/the-26th-amendment/>.
In this blog, the author tells of her first experience of voting at the age of 18. This site also gave us a picture
of the 26th Amendment. We used this picture in our site banner.
"History." The 26th Amendment. History, 1 Jan 2014. Web. 14 Jan 2014. <http://www.history.com/topics/the-
26th-amendment>.
This online article includes the history of the 26th Amendment. We learned that the long debate over
lowering the voting age in America from 21 to 18 began during World War II and intensified during the
Vietnam War, when young men were denied the right to vote but were being drafted to fight for their
country. We used this and other information in our Background page.
"History of Amendment 26." Cambridge Educational. 2007. Learn360. 19 March 2014. <http://www.learn360.
com/ShowVideo.aspx?SearchText=%2226th+Amendment%22&lid= 13864307&ID=928173>.
This video shows the history of the 26th Amendment. We learned that the Amendment was ratified on
July 5, 1971. We used several clips from this video throughout our website.
Logan, Rebeca. Project 18: How a Group of "un-hip" Student Activists Changed the Constitution. National
Education Association, 01 Jan 2013. Web. 14 Jan 2014. <http://www.nea.org/home/48410.htm>.
This online article explains Project 18, which was a national movement organized by NEA to work for
lowering the voting age to 18. We used a quote from this article on our Background page and other
information from the source on our Project 18 page.
Orr, Tamra. A History of Voting Rights. Mitchell Lane Publishers, 2013. Print.
This book gave us a timeline of the signing of the 26th Amendment. We learned that in 1876 the Supreme
Court ruled that Native Americans are not citizens as defined by the 14th Amendment and, thus, cannot
vote. We used this and other information in our timeline of the 26th Amendment.
"Photos." (1970s). 1101 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Suite 600, Washington, D.C. 20004, 2002. Web. 12 Mar.
2014.
This online source gave us a picture of a student march for lowering the voting age. We learned that
students rallied in front of the White House and marched around carrying signs. We used this picture in
our slideshow in our site banner.
"U.S. Voting Rights Timeline." Northern California Citizenship Project. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 March 2014.
<www.kqed.org/assets/pdf/education/digitalmedia/us-voting- rights-timeline.pdf>.
In this timeline, there are important dates and information about voting rights throughout U. S. history. We
used this information to help us understand the background of voting rights. Parts of the timeline are
included on our Background page.